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Sources & credits

Sources and image credits

These are the laws, opinions, agency publications, and historical records used in the chapters. Source numbers throughout the site link to the entries below.

A note on dates and authority

For the 2026 changes, read the statute, court order, and ATF guidance together. Congress changed the tax, the court granted relief to specific parties, and ATF later announced a nationwide enforcement policy. Each document answers a different part of the question.

The visual record

About the photographs

Photographs come from public archives, presidential libraries, and named photographers. Each caption links to its source; rights and license details appear below.

Uniformed police and men in suits stand behind crates and jars of liquor outside a brick building.
Washington, D.C., police with confiscated liquor, 1922. The original caption reads “A fair haul by the liquor squad.”National Photo Company Collection / Library of Congress

No known restrictions on publication; Library of Congress National Photo Company Collection. Layouts may crop the photograph; open it to see the complete image. No retouching or AI alterations.

Homer Cummings stands between two senators at the Capitol, shaking hands with Henry Ashurst.
Attorney General Homer Cummings (center) with Senators Henry Ashurst (left) and Key Pittman before a Senate hearing on Roosevelt’s court-reorganization plan, March 10, 1937.Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress

No known restrictions on publication; Library of Congress Harris & Ewing Collection. Layouts may crop the photograph; open it to see the complete image. No retouching or AI alterations.

Robert Kennedy speaks into microphones outdoors, with reporters and a crowd gathered around him.
Robert F. Kennedy speaking in Los Angeles, 1968.Evan Freed / Wikimedia Commons

Public domain in the United States: published without a copyright notice, as documented on Wikimedia Commons. Layouts may crop the photograph; open it to see the complete image. No retouching or AI alterations.

Men destroying cases of beer in Washington, D.C., November 20, 1923.
Men destroying cases of beer in Washington, D.C., November 20, 1923. National Photo Company / Library of Congress .

This photograph has not been retouched. Some layouts crop the image to fit; the catalog link includes the full image and archive description.

Crowd at Franklin D. Roosevelt’s inauguration, March 4, 1933.
Crowd at Franklin D. Roosevelt’s inauguration, March 4, 1933. Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress .

This photograph has not been retouched. Some layouts crop the image to fit; the catalog link includes the full image and archive description.

The U.S. Supreme Court in November 1937, two years before its decision in United States v. Miller.
The U.S. Supreme Court in November 1937, two years before its decision in United States v. Miller. Harris & Ewing / Library of Congress .

This photograph has not been retouched. Some layouts crop the image to fit; the catalog link includes the full image and archive description.

The original-document exhibits reproduce pages of U.S. federal records. Each exhibit includes its source, page number, readable extract, and reproduction credit.

No AI-generated historical images are used. “No known restrictions” is the archive’s advisory, not a claim that the Library of Congress owns all rights. Fonts: Libre Caslon Display and Source Sans 3, used under the SIL Open Font License.

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